Written and medically reviewed by Dorcas Morak, Pharm.D
January marks Thyroid Awareness Month, a time to spotlight the small but powerful thyroid gland, which plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, body temperature, growth, and mood. Despite its significant impact on overall health, thyroid disorders often go undetected, affecting millions worldwide. This month is dedicated to raising awareness, empowering individuals to recognize the signs of thyroid issues, understand the risks, and explore available treatments to support lifelong health.
What is the thyroid, and why is it important?
The thyroid gland is often described as "butterfly-shaped" and located right at the base of your neck. Though small, it’s mighty, influencing nearly every system in your body. From keeping your metabolism in check to regulating your body’s energy, the thyroid is a powerhouse of hormonal activity. However, when something goes wrong, it can lead to a range of conditions that significantly affect your quality of life.
The two most common thyroid disorders are hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid). Other conditions include goiter (enlarged thyroid), thyroid nodules (growths in the gland), thyroiditis (inflammation), and, in some cases, thyroid cancer.
What are the causes of thyroid disease?
Thyroid disorders can develop for a variety of reasons, many of which depend on the specific condition. A major culprit is an overactive immune system. For example:
- Hypothyroidism is often caused by Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune reaction that prevents the thyroid from producing enough hormones.
- Hyperthyroidism is typically linked to Graves’ disease, another autoimmune condition that overstimulates hormone production.
Other factors, such as iodine deficiency, smoking, viral infections, pregnancy, and even stress, can increase your risk of developing a thyroid disorder. Age also plays a role, with older adults being more susceptible.
What are the symptoms of thyroid disorders?
Thyroid disorders can be tricky to detect because their symptoms often mimic other health issues. This is a quick breakdown by condition:
- Hypothyroidism: Fatigue, weight gain, depression, brittle hair or nails, constipation, and feeling cold.
- Hyperthyroidism: Nervousness, tremors, weight loss, diarrhea, and a rapid heartbeat.
- Goiter: Swelling in the neck, hoarseness, and difficulty breathing or swallowing.
- Thyroid cancer: Often symptomless in early stages but may cause noticeable lumps or swelling as it progresses.
How are thyroid disorders diagnosed?
A healthcare provider will typically start with a physical exam and blood tests to check levels of hormones like TSH, T3, and T4. Imaging tests like an ultrasound or biopsy may be used to get a closer look. Early diagnosis is critical, as untreated thyroid conditions can lead to serious complications, including heart disease, infertility, and even coma in severe cases.
What are the treatment options for thyroid disorders?
Treatment varies depending on the type and severity of the condition. Here are some standard options:
- Hypothyroidism: Lifelong hormone replacement therapy, such as levothyroxine (Levo-T), liothyronine, or Desiccated Thyroid Extracts like Armour Thyroid or NP Thyroid.
- Hyperthyroidism: Antithyroid medications such as methimazole or propylthiouracil, radioactive iodine therapy, or sometimes surgery.
- Thyroid nodules or cancer: Surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy may be recommended.
Managing lifelong treatments like levothyroxine can be challenging, especially when it comes to affordability. The RxLess Assurance Plan offers a practical solution by helping you save up to 88% on your prescription costs by simply downloading the free app. With RxLess, you can access the medications you need at a price you can afford, ensuring your thyroid health remains a priority without breaking the bank.
