Nayzilam Drug Information

is indicated for the acute treatment of intermittent, stereotypic episodes of frequent seizure activity (i.e., seizure clusters, acute repetitive seizures) that are distinct from a patient's usual seizure pattern in patients with epilepsy 12 years of age and older. NAYZILAM is a benzodiazepine indicated for the acute treatment of intermittent, stereotypic episodes of frequent seizure activity (i.e., seizure clusters, acute repetitive seizures) that are distinct from a patient's usual seizure pattern in patients with epilepsy 12 years of age and older.

Instructions

Prior to Dosing NAYZILAM prescribers should consider the following prior to initiation of treatment: For patients at increased risk of respiratory depression from benzodiazepines, administration of NAYZILAM under healthcare professional supervision should be considered prior to treatment with NAYZILAM; this administration may be performed in the absence of a seizure episode . Prior to treatment, the healthcare professional should instruct the individual administering NAYZILAM on how to identify seizure clusters and use the product appropriately . Patients and caregivers should be counseled to read carefully the "Instructions for Use" for complete directions on how to properly administer NAYZILAM.

Dosage Information Administer

NAYZILAM by the nasal route only. Initial Dose: Administer one spray (5 mg dose) into one nostril. Second Dose (if needed): One additional spray (5 mg dose) into the opposite nostril may be administered after 10 minutes if the patient has not responded to the initial dose.

A second dose of NAYZILAM should not be administered if the patient has trouble breathing or if there is excessive sedation that is uncharacteristic of the patient during a seizure cluster episode. Maximum Dosage and Treatment Frequency: Do not use more than 2 doses of NAYZILAM to treat a single episode. It is recommended that NAYZILAM be used to treat no more than one episode every three days and no more than 5 episodes per month .

Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice. NAYZILAM was studied for the outpatient treatment of a single seizure cluster in 292 adult and adolescent patients with epilepsy (Study 1) . The study was conducted in two phases; an open-label Test Dose Phase followed by a double-blind, placebo-controlled, Comparative Phase. The mean age of patients enrolled in the Comparative Phase (N=201) was 33 years, 51% were female, and 95% were White.

Table 2 lists the adverse reactions occurring in 2% or more of the NAYZILAM-treated patients and at a rate greater than the placebo-treated patients in the Comparative Phase of Study 1. Table 2: Adverse Reactions Adverse reactions that occurred within 2 days after NAYZILAM administration are included that Occurred in ≥2% of Patients (Any NAYZILAM) and Greater than Placebo in the Comparative Phase of Study 1 Body System/Adverse Reaction Placebo NAYZILAM Patients in Study 1 were permitted to take a second, open-label dose of NAYZILAM 5 mg between 10 minutes and 6 hours following the initial blinded dose of NAYZILAM 5 mg or placebo if they experience seizure recurrence or an incomplete resolution of the episode. The Placebo + NAYZILAM 5 mg and NAYZILAM 5 mg + 5 mg columns represent patients who received a second dose of NAYZILAM 5 mg and received a blinded initial dose of placebo or NAYZILAM 5 mg, respectively. NAYZILAM 5 mg Placebo + NAYZILAM 5 mg NAYZILAM 5 mg + 5 mg Any NAYZILAM Treatment Group N = 26 % N = 91 % N = 41 % N = 43 % N = 175 % Nervous System Somnolence 4 10 10 9 10 Headache 0 7 0 2 4 Dysarthria 0 2 2 2 2 Application Site Nasal Discomfort 8 5 7 16 9 Throat Irritation 0 2 2 7 3 Rhinorrhea 0 3 0 5 3 Product Taste Abnormal 0 4 0 0 2 Eye Disorders Lacrimation Increased 0 1 2 2 2 For patients who experienced a decrease in peripheral oxygen saturation in the Test Dose Phase of Study 1, the decreases were generally transitory.

Two patients (one with a history of sleep apnea and one with intercurrent seizure) with decreases in peripheral oxygen saturation in the Test Dose Phase required therapeutic supplemental oxygen.

CYP3A4 Inhibitors Clinical Impact

Concomitant use of CYP3A4 inhibitors may result in prolonged sedation because of a decrease in plasma clearance of midazolam. Intervention: Avoid co-administration of NAYZILAM with moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. NAYZILAM should be used with caution when co-administered with mild CYP3A4 inhibitors.

Examples: Moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors: erythromycin, diltiazem, verapamil Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors: ketoconazole, itraconazole, clarithromycin

Opioids Clinical Impact

The concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids increases the risk of respiratory depression because of actions at different receptor sites in the CNS that control respiration. Benzodiazepines interact at GABA A sites and opioids interact primarily at mu receptors. When benzodiazepines and opioids are combined, the potential for benzodiazepines to significantly worsen opioid-related respiratory depression exists.

Intervention: Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Examples: Morphine, hydrocodone, oxymorphone, codeine, fentanyl

Other Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants Clinical Impact

Concomitant use of barbiturates, alcohol, or other CNS depressants may increase the risk of hypoventilation, airway obstruction, desaturation, or apnea and may contribute to profound and/or prolonged drug effect. Intervention: Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required . Examples: Other benzodiazepines and sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, opioids, alcohol.

CYP3A4 Inhibitors : Avoid co-administration of NAYZILAM with moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. NAYZILAM should be used with caution when co-administered with mild CYP3A4 inhibitors. Opioids : Risk of respiratory depression is increased.

Other CNS Depressants : May increase the risks of hypoventilation, airway obstruction, desaturation, or apnea and may contribute to profound and/or prolonged drug effect.

Pregnancy Pregnancy Exposure Registry There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), such as NAYZILAM, during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to recommend that pregnant women who are taking NAYZILAM during pregnancy enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) pregnancy registry by calling 1-888-233-2334 or visiting http://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/. Risk Summary Neonates born to mothers using benzodiazepines late in pregnancy have been reported to experience symptoms of sedation and/or neonatal withdrawal. Available data from published observational studies of pregnant women exposed to benzodiazepines do not report a clear association with benzodiazepines and major birth defects (see Data ). Administration of midazolam to rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis or to rats during late pregnancy and throughout lactation at doses greater than those used clinically did not result in any apparent adverse effects on development (see Animal Data ). However, published data for midazolam and other benzodiazepines suggest the possibility of neuronal cell death and long-term effects on neurobehavioral and immunological function in animals following prenatal or early postnatal exposure at clinically relevant doses.

The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.

Clinical Considerations Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions Benzodiazepines cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression, hypotonia, and sedation in neonates. Monitor neonates exposed to NAYZILAM during pregnancy or labor for signs of sedation, respiratory depression, hypotonia, and feeding problems. Monitor neonates exposed to NAYZILAM during pregnancy for signs of withdrawal.

Manage these neonates accordingly . Data Human Data Published data from observational studies on the use of benzodiazepines during pregnancy do not report a clear association with benzodiazepines and major birth defects. Although early studies reported an increased risk of congenital malformations with diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, there was no consistent pattern noted. In addition, the majority of more recent case-control and cohort studies of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy, which were adjusted for confounding exposures to alcohol, tobacco and other medications, have not confirmed these findings.

Animal Data When midazolam (0, 0.2, 1, or 4 mg/kg/day) was administered intravenously to pregnant rats during the period of organogenesis, no adverse effects on embryofetal development were observed. The highest dose tested, which was associated with minimal evidence of maternal toxicity, is approximately 4 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 10 mg based on body surface area (mg/m 2 ). When midazolam (0, 0.2, 0.6, and 2 mg/kg/day) was administered intravenously to rabbits during the period of organogenesis, no adverse effects on embryofetal development were reported. The high dose, which was not associated with evidence of maternal toxicity, is approximately 4 times the MRHD on a mg/m 2 basis.

When midazolam (0, 0.2, 1, or 4 mg/kg/day) was administered intravenously to female rats during late gestation and throughout lactation, no clear adverse effects were noted in the offspring. The high dose, which was not associated with evidence of maternal toxicity, is approximately 4 times the MRHD on a mg/m 2 basis. In published animal studies, administration of benzodiazepines, including midazolam, or other drugs that enhance GABAergic neurotransmission to neonatal rats has been reported to result in widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain at plasma concentrations relevant for seizure control in humans.

The window of vulnerability to these changes in rats (postnatal days 0-14) includes a period of brain development corresponding to that taking place during the third trimester of pregnancy in humans.

Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness of NAYZILAM have been evaluated in the age group 12 to 17 years. Use of NAYZILAM in this age group is supported by evidence from an adequate and well-controlled study of NAYZILAM in adults and adolescents with seizure clusters and pharmacokinetic and safety data from adult and pediatric patients . Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 12 years have not been established.

is contraindicated in patients with: Known hypersensitivity to midazolam. Acute narrow-angle glaucoma. Patients with hypersensitivity to midazolam Patients with acute narrow-angle glaucoma

Overdosage of benzodiazepines is characterized by central nervous system depression ranging from drowsiness to coma. In mild to moderate cases, symptoms can include drowsiness, confusion, dysarthria, lethargy, hypnotic state, diminished reflexes, ataxia, and hypotonia. Rarely, paradoxical or disinhibitory reactions (including agitation, irritability, impulsivity, violent behavior, confusion, restlessness, excitement, and talkativeness) may occur.

In severe overdosage cases, patients may develop respiratory depression and coma. Overdosage of benzodiazepines in combination with other CNS depressants (including alcohol and opioids) may be fatal . Markedly abnormal (lowered or elevated) blood pressure, heart rate, or respiratory rate raise the concern that additional drugs and/or alcohol are involved in the overdosage. In managing benzodiazepine overdosage, employ general supportive measures, including intravenous fluids and airway maintenance.

Flumazenil, a specific benzodiazepine receptor antagonist indicated for the complete or partial reversal of the sedative effects of benzodiazepines in the management of benzodiazepine overdosage, can lead to withdrawal and adverse reactions, including seizures, particularly in the context of mixed overdosage with drugs that increase seizure risk (e.g., tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants) and in patients with long-term benzodiazepine use and physical dependency. The risk of withdrawal seizures with flumazenil may be increased in patients with epilepsy. Flumazenil is contraindicated in patients who have received a benzodiazepine for control of a potentially life-threatening condition (e.g., status epilepticus). If the decision is made to use flumazenil, it should be used as an adjunct to, not as a substitute for, supportive management of benzodiazepine overdosage.

See the flumazenil injection Prescribing Information. Consider contacting the Poison Help line (1-800-222-1222) or medical toxicologist for additional overdosage management recommendations.